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1 Temesa
Tĕmĕsa, ae; Tĕmĕsē, ēs; and Tempsa ( Temsa), ae, f., = Temesê or Tempsa, a town in the territory of the Bruttians, where there were copper mines, now Torre del Piano del Casale:A.Temesa,
Mel. 2, 4, 9. Temese, Ov M. 15, 52; 15, 707; Stat. S. 1, 1, 42:Tempsa (Temsa),
Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 72; Liv. 34, 45, 4. — Hence,Tĕmĕsae-us, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Temesa, Temesan:B.aera,
Ov. M. 7, 207; id. F 5, 441; Stat. S. 1, 5, 47.— -
2 Temesaeus
Tĕmĕsa, ae; Tĕmĕsē, ēs; and Tempsa ( Temsa), ae, f., = Temesê or Tempsa, a town in the territory of the Bruttians, where there were copper mines, now Torre del Piano del Casale:A.Temesa,
Mel. 2, 4, 9. Temese, Ov M. 15, 52; 15, 707; Stat. S. 1, 1, 42:Tempsa (Temsa),
Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 72; Liv. 34, 45, 4. — Hence,Tĕmĕsae-us, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Temesa, Temesan:B.aera,
Ov. M. 7, 207; id. F 5, 441; Stat. S. 1, 5, 47.— -
3 Temese
Tĕmĕsa, ae; Tĕmĕsē, ēs; and Tempsa ( Temsa), ae, f., = Temesê or Tempsa, a town in the territory of the Bruttians, where there were copper mines, now Torre del Piano del Casale:A.Temesa,
Mel. 2, 4, 9. Temese, Ov M. 15, 52; 15, 707; Stat. S. 1, 1, 42:Tempsa (Temsa),
Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 72; Liv. 34, 45, 4. — Hence,Tĕmĕsae-us, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Temesa, Temesan:B.aera,
Ov. M. 7, 207; id. F 5, 441; Stat. S. 1, 5, 47.— -
4 Tempsanus
Tĕmĕsa, ae; Tĕmĕsē, ēs; and Tempsa ( Temsa), ae, f., = Temesê or Tempsa, a town in the territory of the Bruttians, where there were copper mines, now Torre del Piano del Casale:A.Temesa,
Mel. 2, 4, 9. Temese, Ov M. 15, 52; 15, 707; Stat. S. 1, 1, 42:Tempsa (Temsa),
Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 72; Liv. 34, 45, 4. — Hence,Tĕmĕsae-us, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Temesa, Temesan:B.aera,
Ov. M. 7, 207; id. F 5, 441; Stat. S. 1, 5, 47.— -
5 Temsa
Tĕmĕsa, ae; Tĕmĕsē, ēs; and Tempsa ( Temsa), ae, f., = Temesê or Tempsa, a town in the territory of the Bruttians, where there were copper mines, now Torre del Piano del Casale:A.Temesa,
Mel. 2, 4, 9. Temese, Ov M. 15, 52; 15, 707; Stat. S. 1, 1, 42:Tempsa (Temsa),
Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 72; Liv. 34, 45, 4. — Hence,Tĕmĕsae-us, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Temesa, Temesan:B.aera,
Ov. M. 7, 207; id. F 5, 441; Stat. S. 1, 5, 47.— -
6 Momma (Mumma), Jacob
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. early seventeenth century Germanyd. 1679 England[br]German (naturalized English) immigrant skilled in the manufacture and production of brass, who also mined and smelted copper.[br]The protestant Momma family were well known in Aachen, the seventeenth-century centre of German brass production. Subjected to religious pressures, some members of the family moved to nearby Stolberg, while others migrated to Sweden, starting brass manufacture there. Jacob travelled to England, establishing brassworks with two German partners at Esher in Surrey in 1649; theirs was the only such works in England to survive for more than a few years during the seventeenth century.Jacob, naturalized English by 1660, is often referred to in England as Mummer or another variant of his name. He became respected, serving as a juror, and was appointed a constable in 1661. During the 1660s Momma was engaged in mining copper at Ecton Hill, Staffordshire, where he was credited with introducing gunpowder to English mining technology. He smelted his ore at works nearby in an effort to secure copper supplies, but the whole project was brief and unprofitable.The alternative imported copper required for his brass came mainly from Sweden, its high cost proving a barrier to viable English brass production. In 1662 Momma petitioned Parliament for some form of assistance. A year later he pleaded further for higher tariffs against brass-wire imports as protection from the price manipulation of Swedish exporters. He sought support from the Society of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly (see Dockwra, William) claiming jurisdiction over the country's working of brass, but neither petition succeeded. Despite these problems with the high cost of copper supplies in England, Momma continued his business and is recorded as still paying hearth tax on his twenty brass furnaces up to 1664. Although these were abandoned before his death and he claimed to have lost £6,000 on his brassworks, his wire mills survived him for a few years under the management of his son.[br]Further ReadingJ.Morton, 1985, The rise of the modern copper and brass industry: 1690 to 1750, unpublished thesis: University of Birmingham, 16–25.J.Day, 1984, "The continental origins of Bristol Brass", Industrial Archaeology Review 8/1: 32–56.John Robey, 1969, "Ecton copper mines in the seventeenth century", Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historic Society 4(2):145–55 (the most comprehensive published account).JD -
7 Stanley, Robert Crooks
[br]b. 1 August 1876 Little Falls, New Jersey, USAd. 12 February 1951 USA[br]American mining engineer and metallurgist, originator of Monel Metal[br]Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m2) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Society for Metals Gold Medal. Institute of Metals Platinum Medal 1948.Further ReadingF.B.Howard-White, 1963, Nickel, London: Methuen (a historical review).ASD
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